Engagement milling

ABSTRACT

A method for generating, by a direct process, a tool path for milling a region of a workpiece by a milling cutter is disclosed. The tool path consists of one or more passes. The method includes the steps of storing a maximum engagement of the milling cutter and defining each one of the one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed the maximum value of engagement.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/566,586, entitled “Engagement Milling”, filed Apr. 29, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to computer aided manufacturing and more specifically to a method and apparatus for generating a computer numerical control program for controlling a numerical control machine.

In milling a workpiece using a numerical control (NC) machine, it is desirable to remove material from the workpiece as fast as possible consistent with long tool life. Controlling tool load throughout each tool path to be within a preferred range is of primary importance for achieving long tool life. Therefore, a computer aided manufacturing (CAM) system that creates a computer numerical control (CNC) program having tool paths which maintain the tool load within the preferred range throughout each tool path, while generating tool paths which cumulatively remove the greatest amount of material in the shortest possible time, is desirable for cost effective milling.

It is widely accepted that maintaining a constant engagement of the milling cutter over the tool path is a major factor in controlling tool load. However, existing machining strategies, such as the widely used direction parallel (zig or zig-zag) and contour machining strategies, and their variations, generate tool paths which are dictated by a part boundary, a material boundary or a combination of the part boundary and the material boundary, and not by considerations of maintaining the engagement of the milling cutter constant over the tool path. Such milling strategies force the milling cutter to execute sharp turns resulting in widely varying cutter engagement. Such variations in tool engagement cause spikes in tool load producing undesirable effects such as shorter tool life, chatter and even tool breakage.

In order to mitigate the effect of spikes in the tool load caused by a sudden increase or decrease in tool engagement, users of existing CAM programs typically reduce the feed rate for an entire tool path to be consistent with the peaks of the spike loads. Such reductions in feed rate can result in significant reductions in milling efficiency.

In order to resolve problems arising from existing machining strategies, methods have been proposed in which the machining conditions such as engagement angle and feed rate of a tool path are evaluated after the tool path is created. The tool path is then modified according to various criteria. Such modifications include adding additional segments to portions of the tool path or reducing the curvature of the tool path in those local portions of the tool path in which the tool engagement is excessive. However, by piecemeal correction of local machining conditions in the tool path, machining conditions in other portions of the tool path may be altered in unpredictable ways. Further, while the aforementioned types of tool path modifications avoid large spikes in the tool load, these types of modifications typically result in additional length to the total tool path and do little to maintain a relatively constant engagement of the milling cutter over the entirety of the tool path.

A further problem with existing CAM programs is reliance on simple measures (i.e. chip load) as a measure of the load on the milling cutter. Real tool load is a function of both undeformed chip thickness (UCT) and tool engagement. In order to maintain the tool load within a preferred range, the feed rate of the milling cutter should be based on both the UCT and the tool engagement.

In consideration of the above, it would be desirable for a CAM system to create, by a direct process, a CNC program which generates tool paths for milling a region of a workpiece which are based on controlling the tool engagement and for which the tool engagement is maintained to be substantially constant over a major portion of the tool path without exceeding a maximum value of the tool engagement. Further, it would be desirable for the CAM system to create, by a direct process, tool paths suitable for milling all types of convex and concave geometries. Further, it would be desirable for the CNC program to provide for controlling the feed rate of the tool such that the load on the tool is automatically maintained within a preferred range over the entirety of the tool path.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly stated, the present invention comprises a method for generating, by a direct process, a tool path consisting of one or more passes, for milling a region of a workpiece by a milling cutter. The method comprises the steps of storing a maximum engagement of the milling cutter and defining each one of the one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed the maximum value of engagement.

In another aspect, the present invention comprises an article of manufacture including computer executable instructions stored on a computer readable medium which generate, by a direct process, a tool path consisting of one or more passes, for milling a region of a workpiece by a milling cutter. The instructions include the steps of storing a maximum engagement of the milling cutter and defining each one of the one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed the maximum value of engagement.

The present invention creates, by a direct process, tool paths which are inherently free from the substantial variations in tool engagement which are characteristic of tool paths based on workpiece boundaries. The tool paths created by the present invention are based on controlling the engagement of the tool itself and are not compelled by the shape of the part to be machined. Further, a maximum engagement angle for each tool path may be specified by a user to be any value up to 180 degrees. In contrast to existing methods, which from the creation of the very first pass of the tool path, start transforming the shape of the workpiece into the shape of the part to be formed, the shape of the part to be formed by the present invention does not become apparent until the concluding portions of the tool path are executed. In the present invention, the first pass of the tool path is generated for the purpose of the enabling the second pass to be executed in a fashion such that a predetermined maximum tool engagement is not exceeded when the second pass is executed by the milling cutter. Similarly, the second pass is generated for the purpose of the enabling the third pass to be executed such that the predetermined maximum tool engagement is not exceeded. This process is repeated until all of the material is removed from the part being machined. Advantageously, material is removed more quickly than by existing methods because the feed rate of the milling cutter can be maintained at near theoretical rates for the majority of the tool path.

The above and further features of the invention will be fully apparent from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a computer aided manufacturing system according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 a is an illustration of a tool engagement for a straight path for a given radial depth of cut;

FIG. 2 b is an illustration of the tool engagement for a convex path for the given radial depth of cut;

FIG. 2 c is an illustration of the tool engagement for a concave path for the given radial depth of cut;

FIG. 3 is a functional flow diagram of a preferred method for controlling the feed rate of a milling cutter;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of showing the construction of a two arc fillet according to a first preferred embodiment;

FIG. 5 is functional flow diagram of a preferred process for determining a predetermined value of engagement according to the first preferred embodiment;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a region in a workpiece having an arbitrary material or part boundary;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of typical case where material has been left remaining in the corners of a rectangular pocket by previous passes of a tool;

FIG. 8 a is an illustration showing that the location of the maximum engagement of the milling cutter is where the leading edge of the milling cutter reaches the midpoint of the pass;

FIG. 8 b is an illustration showing that the engagement is smaller on either side of the maximum engagement point;

FIG. 9 is an illustration defining the parameters for calculating the radius and stepover of the next in-process material boundary according to a second preferred embodiment;

FIG. 10 is an illustration defining the parameters for calculating the stepover for a slot according to the second preferred embodiment;

FIG. 11 is an illustration of the steps of an iterative search according to the second preferred embodiment;

FIG. 12 is another illustration of the steps of an iterative search according to the second preferred embodiment;

FIG. 13 is an illustration of the tool path for milling a converging and diverging region according to the second preferred embodiment;

FIG. 14 is an illustration of a workpiece in which a step, open on two sides, is to be milled;

FIG. 15 is an illustration of a tool path proceeding in the workpiece until a predetermined engagement is reached;

FIG. 16 is an illustration of the in-process material boundary required for milling the final cut with a substantially constant engagement;

FIG. 17 illustrates a graphical construction of the in-process material boundary according to a fifth preferred embodiment;

FIG. 18 illustrates an alternate method for constructing the in-process material boundary according to the fifth embodiment;

FIG. 19 illustrates another alternate method for constructing the in-process material boundary according to the fifth embodiment;

FIG. 20 illustrates the creation of a medial axis transform for a trapezoid according to a sixth embodiment;

FIG. 21 illustrates the creation of the outer circles of two circle families according to the sixth embodiment;

FIG. 22 illustrates forming concentric circles and isoloops according to the sixth embodiment

FIG. 23 illustrates the in-process material boundaries formed from a spiral-like tool path according to the sixth embodiment;

FIG. 24 illustrates a family of concentric circles according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 25 illustrates arcs tangent to the concentric circles according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 26 illustrates a tool path joining the arcs together according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 27 illustrates constructing normals along an in-process material boundary;

FIG. 28 illustrates constructing an engagement chord;

FIG. 29 illustrates creation of a tool center point;

FIG. 30 illustrates fitting a spline to the series of points depicting a first trial boundary;

FIG. 31 illustrates the geometry for determining the parameters of the tool path in accordance with the seventh preferred embodiment;

FIG. 31 a illustrates the in-process material boundaries formed by generating the tool path with an outside-in process; and

FIG. 31 b illustrates the in-process material boundaries formed by generating the tool path with an inside-out process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

The following definitions are to be applied to terminology used in the application:

Arc—a curved line—not necessarily circular.

Axial Depth of Cut—the depth of cut in the axial direction of a milling cutter.

CAM—computer aided manufacturing.

CAM program—a computer program used for generating a computer numerical control (CNC) program for milling a workpiece by a numerical control (NC) machine.

center-line feed rate—the feed rate measured at the rotational axis of the milling cutter.

Chip Load—the distance a tool moves as a single flute of the tool cuts material=feed rate/(spindle speed×number of flutes)

Circular arc—the set of all points equidistant from a fixed point called the center, i.e. a portion of a circle.

CNC program—the output of a CAM program consisting of a set of instructions, i.e. a program, defining machining conditions and movements of a tool mounted in a numerical control machine relative to a workpiece mounted in the numerical control machine.

Feed rate—the rate at which a milling cutter moves along a tool path, measured at the rotational axis of the milling cutter.

In-process material boundary—a boundary of the workpiece established by a cutting operation. The in-process material boundary is always offset from the tool path by the radius of the milling cutter.

Material boundary—a part boundary or in-process material boundary.

Milling cutter—a cutter which rotates about a rotational axis including, but not limited to, end mills, face mills, shell mills, slab mills, plunge mills, single angle cutters, dovetail cutters, keyseat cutters, T-slot cutters, concave and convex cutters and gear hob cutters.

Part boundary—the fixed boundary of the workpiece to be attained at the completion of the milling operation, generally defined by a blue print of the part or by a computer aided design (CAD) program.

Pass—a portion of the tool path for which the milling cutter is in continuous contact with the workpiece.

Peripheral (effective) feed rate—the rate at which a milling cutter moves along a tool path, measured at the periphery of the milling cutter.

Programmed feed rate—a reference value of the feed rate, typically selected by the NC programmer.

Radial depth of cut—the amount of material removed in the radial direction of the milling cutter.

Smooth curve—a curve in which the unit tangent to the curve is continuous at every point along the curve.

Spindle speed—the rotational speed of the tool.

Stepover (or stepover value)—the distance normal to a tool path between a first pass and a substantially parallel second pass.

Undeformed chip thickness—the maximum thickness of a chip removed by a single cut of a single flute of a milling cutter.

Tangent continuous—forming a smooth curve.

TEC—tool engagement curve—a tool path which causes a milling cutter traversing the tool path to have a substantially constant engagement angle.

TEM—tool engagement milling.

Tool engagement—The region of contact between the tool and the workpiece at the in-process material boundary, frequently expressed as an angle.

Tool path—the path of the rotational axis of a single milling cutter when milling a workpiece.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the drawings, wherein like numerals are used to indicate like elements throughout the several figures and the use of the indefinite article “a” may indicate a quantity of one, or more than one of an element, there is shown in FIG. 1, a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a computer aided manufacturing (CAM) system 10 for creating a numerical control (CNC) program which, when provided to a numerical control (NC) machine, enables the NC machine to produce a physical object having a shape conforming to a specified part boundary.

Preferably, the CAM system 10 is a standalone programmable computer platform having an open type of computer architecture of a kind commonly called a personal computer. Preferably, the CAM system 10 transfers the CNC program to a controller of an NC machine using one of any well known wire or wireless interface standards. Alternatively, the CNC program may be recorded on a removable media such as a floppy disk, a CD disk, a magnetic tape or a paper tape, for transfer to the NC machine. Preferably, the computer employs a Pentium IV™ microprocessor chip manufactured by Intel Corporation; a random access memory; non-volatile memory such as semiconductor read only memory, a hard disk, removable read/write memory drives such as a floppy disk drive and/or CD disk drive, a paper tape and/or a magnetic tape drive; a keyboard; a mouse; and a video display. Preferably, the CAM system 10 utilizes the Windows™ software operating system manufactured by Microsoft Corporation. However, the CAM system 10 is not limited to the aforementioned hardware and software environment. It would be clear to those skilled in the art, other types of computers and operating systems, such as those manufactured by Apple, Inc., or International Business machines could be used within the spirit and scope of the invention. Alternatively, the CAM system 10 could be integrated within another computer system such as the computer system of the NC machine.

Preferably, the CAM system 10 accepts information about the object to be machined and the workpiece from which the object is to be machined, from a computer aided design (CAD) computer program. Such a CAD computer program accepts dimensional information about the object to be formed and the workpiece from which the object is to be formed, and translates the dimensional information into models defining the object and the workpiece. Such CAD programs are well known to those in the art. Alternatively information about the object and the workpiece may be entered directly into the CAM system 10 by other known means, such as a tablet and/or by manual key entry through a user interface.

The CAD system 10 includes a computer aided manufacturing (CAM) computer program 18. Preferably, the CAM computer program 18 accepts the model output of the CAD program 18 for defining the parts boundary of the object to be machined and the boundaries of the workpiece. The CAM computer program 18 is also capable of accepting information about the properties of the material to be machined and of the milling cutters (also referred to as tools) for milling the object from the workpiece. Additional parameters associated with the milling operation such as the selection of a tool for each tool path, the area to be machined, and the programmed radial depth of cut and axial depth of cut to be used for each tool path may be entered by a user, i.e. NC programmer. Preferably, the user provided information is entered from a keyboard or by a mouse with the aid of on-screen dialog boxes displayed on a video display. Alternatively, some or all of the aforementioned parameters may be provided by the CAM computer program 18 itself.

The output of the CAM computer program 18 is a CNC program comprising a series of instructions which provide for positioning of the workpiece, tool paths, feed rates etc. by the NC machine, as further described below. Preferably, the language of the instructions generated by the CAM computer program 18 are compatible with the NC machine. The CAM computer program 18 may include a conversion routine for providing the instructions for specific NC machines. Alternatively, the conversion routine may be separate from the CAM computer program 18.

The CAM computer program 18 can be written in any suitable programming language, including (but not limited to) C, C++ and Java, and can be developed using standard programming practices to carry out the steps and techniques described herein.

Engagement, refers to the portion of the periphery of a rotating milling cutter that is in contact, at any given moment, with the workpiece. The engagement can be measured or expressed as an engagement angle, an engagement arc, or an engagement chord. The term engagement, is used hereafter as representing all of the foregoing.

The engagement angle for cutting a straight tool path is given by Eq. 1 as: $\begin{matrix} {E = {\cos^{- 1}\left\{ \frac{r - S}{r} \right\}\quad{where}\text{:}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

-   -   E=engagement angle     -   S=radial depth of cut, and     -   r=radius of the milling cutter.

The engagement angle changes when a tool path changes from a straight path to a curve path. FIG. 2 illustrates, by example, the effect on the engagement angle when the tool path changes from a straight line to a convex curve and to a concave curve using a tool with 0.25 inch radius and a fixed stepover (radial depth of cut) of 0.2 inch. As can be readily seen, compared with the engagement angle for cutting the straight line, the engagement angle decreases when cutting the convex arc and increases when cutting the concave arc. Consequently, if a specific radial depth of cut is selected for a straight tool path, the engagement angle will be different for curved tool paths.

The engagement angle for cutting a curved tool path with a radius of curvature R is given by Eq. 2 as: $\begin{matrix} {E = {\pi - {\cos^{- 1}\left\{ \frac{{2r^{2}} + {2{R\left( {S - r} \right)}} - S^{2}}{2{r\left( {R - r} \right)}} \right\}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a process 100, for generating a CNC program by the CAM program 18, for milling a workpiece by an NC machine. Generally, the task of milling a workpiece is divided into a set of tool paths, where for each tool path a single milling cutter is used for milling a region of the workpiece. Each tool path comprises a series of passes, where for each pass the single milling cutter is in continuous contact with the workpiece. Associated with each tool path are machining conditions such as feed rate and spindle speed to be used by the same milling cutter for milling the region of the workpiece. Each tool path may be automatically determined by the CAM program 18 or determined by the NC programmer based on his experience, knowing the characteristics of the CAM program 18, the characteristics of the material, the shapes to be machined and the tolerances of the finished part. Based upon the characteristics of the region to be machined, the CAM program 18 determines a starting point (coordinate) and a stopping point for the tool path (step 100.2). Generally, unless the entire milling operation is limited to a simple shape, such as a circular pocket, more than one tool path may be required for rough milling of the workpiece. If a fine finish is required, at least one additional tool path may be required for finish milling.

Generally, a specific milling cutter (step 100.4) for a each tool path is selected based upon the NC programmer's experience and/or with guidance from the CAM program 18. Alternatively, the milling cutter may be automatically selected by the CAM program 18 based upon parameters of the tool path, the type of material, whether the tool path is a roughing cut or a finish cut etc. Of particular importance to the efficiency of the tool path in milling the workpiece is the radius and the number of flutes of the selected milling cutter, since from these parameters and the characteristics (e.g. hardness) of the material, a programmed feed rate is generally determined.

In each one of the preferred embodiments, a maximum engagement is predetermined for each tool path based on the characteristics of the selected milling cutter, whether the type of milling is climb milling or conventional milling and the type of material to be milled (step 100.6). Preferably, the maximum engagement is automatically determined and stored by the CAM program 18. Alternatively, the maximum engagement may be determined by the NC programmer. The input for determining the maximum engagement may also be a value of stepover, from which the engagement can be computed. Generally, for rough milling, the radial depth of cut is selected to remove the maximum amount of material from the workpiece for each pass of the milling cutter consistent with absence of chatter, vibration and excessive cutting force applied to the flutes of the milling cutter.

At step 100.7, a tool path is generated which expressly invokes criteria for controlling the engagement of the milling cutter over the entirety of a tool path. Such a process generates a tool path directly from the model information defining the object to be machined and information about the workpiece, without first generating an initial tool path without regard to the engagement of the milling cutter, and without the need to subsequently modify the tool path to correct for deficiencies in the tool path which would cause, for instance, rapid changes in tool load. Preferably, a single tool path is created for a region of the workpiece. Preferably, the tool path is generated by a direct process, where the tool path consists of one or more passes, and where the method comprises defining a maximum engagement of the milling cutter and defining each one of the one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed the maximum value of engagement as described below.

Conventionally, the programmed feed rate of the milling cutter is based on the chip load and spindle speed recommended by the manufacturer of the milling cutter, as modified by the experience of the NC programmer. However, as discussed above, when the engagement angle is other than ninety degrees, and/or the tool path is curved, the tool load is more accurately represented by the undeformed chip thickness (UCT) and the value of the engagement angle of the milling cutter.

Accordingly, at step 100.8, in each of the preferred embodiments, either a criteria for controlling tool load or a criteria for controlling the peripheral feed rate of the milling cutter is selected for determining the feed rate of the milling cutter at points along the tool path. In the preferred embodiments, each tool path is divided into elements with each element of the tool path having a different curvature being treated separately. If the engagement of the milling cutter is relatively constant through an element, one feed rate is used for that element. If the engagement of the milling cutter varies through the geometry element, the element is broken into segments and different feed rates are applied to each based on the greatest engagement in that segment.

Preferably, the feed rate is adjusted to control the load on the milling cutter to be approximately equal to a predetermined value over a tool path as long as the peripheral feed rate is within an acceptable range.

The UCT at a point along a curved tool path with a radius of curvature R is found as: $\begin{matrix} {{UCT} = {r - {\sqrt{r^{2} - {2\quad{fr}\quad{\cos(L)}} + f^{2}}\quad{where}\text{:}}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

-   -   L=K−E;     -   K=π/2−I/2;     -   I=2*sin⁻¹{f/(2*R)};     -   R=radius of curvature of the tool path at the point of         calculation;     -   E=engagement angle at the point of calculation;     -   f=distance that a flute moves per revolution of the milling         cutter, i.e. chip load; and     -   r=tool radius.

When the tool path is straight at the point of calculation, I=0 and equation 3 reduces to: $\begin{matrix} {{UCT} = {r - \sqrt{r^{2} - {2\quad{fr}\quad{\cos\left( {\frac{\pi}{2} - E} \right)}} + f^{2}}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

Preferably, the feed rate is controlled based on the value of the tool engagement and the UCT. Upon determining a shape of the tool path at a particular point, all of the parameters necessary for computing the feed rate at the point are known to the CAM program 18. Accordingly, if the UCT is selected as the basis for feed rate control, at step 100.10 the UCT and the engagement are calculated for points along the path and the programmed feed rate of the milling cutter is controlled at the points along the tool path to maintain the load on the milling cutter to be approximately equal to a predetermined value (step 100.12).

Alternatively, the feed rate may be based on the peripheral feed rate of the milling cutter (steps 100.14 and 100.16). The instantaneous peripheral feed rate at points along a tool path having a radial curvature R is related to the center-line feed rate by: $\begin{matrix} {{{PFR} = {{{CFR}\left( {1 + \frac{r}{R}} \right)}\quad{for}\quad a\quad{concave}\quad{tool}\quad{path}}},} & (5) \\ {{{PFR} = {{{CFR}\left( {1 - \frac{r}{R}} \right)}\quad{for}\quad a\quad{convex}\quad{tool}\quad{path}}},{{where}\text{:}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

-   -   PFR=Peripheral feed rate; and     -   CFR=Center-line feed rate.

First Preferred Embodiment

When milling a tool path comprising a series of concentric circular arcs of different radius with the same milling cutter, the engagement of the milling cutter changes from one arc to the other if the radial depth of cut (stepover) for each of the arcs is fixed at a single value. The same is true of a spiral tool path having a constant rate of increase of the radius of the spiral.

A tool path suitable for milling a circular pocket or a circular island, consisting of one or more passes, may be created for which the engagement of the milling cutter following the tool path does not exceed a predetermined maximum value and does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from a predetermined value over a major portion of the tool path by: (1) defining a plurality of concentric circles, in which a radius of each one of the concentric circles is determined such that an engagement of the milling cutter milling each one of the concentric circles equals a target engagement which is substantially identical to the maximum value of the engagement (FIG. 24) and, (2) arranging each one of the one or more passes between adjacent ones of the concentric circles such that each end of each pass is tangent to one of the adjacent concentric circles (FIG. 25). The resulting generally spiral tool path (FIG. 26) causes an engagement angle to gradually and steadily rise from the starting position over a 360 degree path to a predetermined value, stay substantially constant at the predetermined value for a majority of the tool path and steadily and gradually decrease over a 360 degree path at the conclusion of the tool path. Note that the target engagement may be incrementally less than the maximum engagement depending on the size of the boundaries as described below.

In the first preferred embodiment, the radii of the concentric circles are determined as a function of the target engagement, the radius of an adjacent circle and the radius of the milling cutter. Where the adjacent circle is larger, the next smaller circle is determined in accordance with recursive equation 7a. R2={square root}{square root over ((R1−r)² +r ²−2r(R1−r)cos(π−E))} where:  (7 a)

-   -   r=radius of milling cutter;     -   E=target engagement angle;     -   R1=radius of the larger circle; and     -   R2=radius of the next smaller circle.

Where the adjacent circle is smaller, the next larger circle is determined in accordance with recursive equation 7b. R2=r cos E+{square root}{square root over (r ² cos² E−r ² +R ₁ ²)}+r where:  (7b)

-   -   E=the target engagement angle of the milling cutter;     -   r=the radius of the milling cutter;     -   R2=the radius of the next larger circle;     -   R1=the radius of the next smaller circle, and     -   The stepover between each of the first circular arcs is found by         equation 8.         S=R1−R2  (8)

The shape of each one of the arcs arranged between the concentric circles is chosen such that the value of the engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path is either gradually and steadily increasing, substantially constant or gradually and steadily decreasing, based on the location of the arc in the tool path.

A connecting pass consisting of a first circular arc and a second circular arc that meets the above criteria may be constructed between each pair of adjacent concentric circles by making one end of each of the first and the second circular arcs tangent to one of the adjacent concentric circles and joining the opposite end of each of the first and the second circular arcs to each other such that the pass thus formed is tangent continuous at the point of the joined arcs.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of showing one method for constructing a blend, in this case a two arc pass, where the two circular arcs have radii R₁ and R₂. The distance c, from the start point of the left hand circular arc to the endpoint of the right hand circular arc and the angles α and β are computable from geometry. The distances of the lines labeled a and b are unknown. The distance between the ends of lines a and b must be a+b because the two lines on the left must be the same length (namely, a) and the two lines on the right must also be the same length (namely, b). Letting a=b, equation 9 may be solved for a. 2a ² [1−cos(α+β)]+2ac(cos α+cosβ)−c ²=0  (9)

The join point of the circular arcs is at: $\begin{matrix} {{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{a\quad\cos\quad\alpha} + c - {a\quad\cos\quad\beta}} \right)},{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{a\quad\sin\quad\alpha} + {a\quad\sin\quad\beta}} \right)}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

The distance between the join point and the start of the pass is h. This is the length of the chord of the leftmost segment that joins the ends of the two tangent lines of the leftmost arc, which can be computed from a, α, and β. The radius of the leftmost arc is then simply computed from the relationship of equation 11. $\begin{matrix} {h = \frac{2{ar}}{\sqrt{a^{2} + r^{2}}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

The radius of the rightmost arc can be determined similarly One skilled in the art would recognize that other blending techniques that would maintain a tangent continuous tool path could be used.

Preferably, a median circle, having a radius equal to $\frac{{R1} + {R2}}{2}$ is defined between each pair of concentric circles, wherein each one of the one or more passes is arranged between one of the concentric circles and one of the median circles such that each pass is tangent to a concentric circle and to a median circle. Preferably, when constructing a tool path for a circular pocket comprising the set of passes, each one of the passes is a semicircle, where the ends of each of the semicircles are joined to each other such that the ends are tangent continuous at the point of joining.

Preferably, the first semicircle in this set begins tangent to a starting-hole circle, and ends tangent to a circle whose radius is the median of the radius of the starting-hole circle and the second (next larger) concentric circle in the set. The next semicircle begins tangent to the end of the first semicircle, and ends tangent to the second concentric circle in the set. The previous two steps are repeated until the set of semicircles is complete. The result is a tangent contiguous chain of semicircles extending from the radius of the starting hole to the radius of the part boundary.

Preferably, the radius r and center offset C for each semicircle are found from $\begin{matrix} {{r_{k} = \frac{R_{k} - R_{k}^{\prime}}{2}};} & (12) \\ {{C_{k} = \frac{R_{k}^{\prime} - R_{k}}{2}};} & (13) \\ {r_{k + 1} = \frac{R_{k + 1} + R_{k}^{\prime}}{2}} & (14) \\ {C_{k + 1} = {\frac{R_{k}^{\prime} + R_{k + 1}}{2}\quad{where}\text{:}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

-   -   R_(k) is the kth concentric circle as numbered from the center         of the concentric circles and R_(k)′ is a virtual circle having         a radius of $R_{k}^{\prime} = {\frac{R_{k} + R_{k + 1}}{2}.}$

Typically, when milling a circular pocket, a starting hole is formed at the center of the circular pocket and the milling proceeds from the radius of the starting hole to the part boundary. The series of material boundaries as calculated by equation 7a may result in the radius of material boundary formed by the last circle to be computed (the inner circle) to not coincide with the radius of the starting hole. Similarly, if the series of material boundaries is calculated from equation 7b, the last circle to be computed may not coincide with the part boundary. These occurrences could cause the engagement angle of the final milling cut to deviate excessively from the maximum engagement angle in order to match the last material boundary to the part boundary or could require the milling cutter to cut air at the beginning of the tool path. Consequently, in the first preferred embodiment, the target engagement of the milling cutter is marginally decreased to align the first and the last concentric circles with the boundaries by (a) defining a largest one of the concentric circles on a first boundary, (b) determining if a smallest one of the concentric circles coincides with a second boundary; and (c) if the smallest concentric circle does not coincide with the second boundary within a predetermined value, decrementing the target engagement and repeating steps b and c until the smallest concentric circle coincides with the second boundary within the predetermined value. Alternatively, the process for aligning the circles with the boundaries may be performed by working from the inside to the outside.

FIG. 5 shows a preferred process 200 for adjusting the target engagement angle so as to align the material boundaries milled by the milling cutter traversing the first and the last circular arcs with the part boundary and the boundary of the starting hole. At step 200.2, a starting point on the part boundary and an ending point on a boundary of the starting hole are determined. At step 200.4, a radius of milling cutter is defined. At step 200.6, a target engagement is determined for the tool path based on the characteristics of the selected milling cutter and the type of material to be milled. At step 200.8, the radius of the circular material boundary R2, adjacent to the part boundary R1, is computed based on equation 8. At step 200.10, the radius of R2 is compared with the radius of the starting hole boundary. If the radius of R2 is greater than the radius of the starting hole boundary, step 200.8 is repeated using the radius of the last computed material boundary as the basis for the computation until the radius R2 is less than the radius of the starting hole boundary.

At step 200.12 the radius of the material boundary formed by the milling cutter having a radius less than the radius of the starting hole is compared with the radius of the starting hole. If the difference between the radius of the starting hole and the radius of the material boundary is less than a predetermined value, the circle radii are computed as offset from each of the material boundaries by the milling cutter radius, and the radii are stored (step 200.1). If on the other hand, the difference between the radius of the starting hole and the radius of the material boundary is greater than the predetermined value, the target engagement is decremented by computing the difference (step 200.18) between the target engagement and the engagement angle of the last material boundary, E′ (step 200.16), decrementing the target engagement in proportion to the difference at step 200.20 and repeating steps 200.8 to 200.18 until the difference between the last computed material boundary and the starting hole boundary is within the predetermined value.

Second Preferred Embodiment

Referring now to FIG. 6 there is shown an illustration of the general case where material to be milled has been left in a region of a workpiece by a previous pass of the milling cutter. The region of material to be milled has first, second and third sides, the first side being a current in-process material boundary and meeting at respective ends, the second and the third sides. The second and third sides comprise a part or an in-process material boundary of arbitrary shape consisting of a set of lines, arcs and splines. FIG. 7 illustrates a typical case in which the remaining material to be milled is in the four corners of a rectangular pocket.

A common characteristic of the above examples is that the in-process material boundary is an arc that is substantially circular and greater in radius than the radius of the active cutting tool. Preferably, the milling cutter to be used to mill at least a substantial portion of the remaining material is the same as the previous milling cutter, thus obviating the need for replacing the previous milling cutter for milling at least a substantial portion of the material to be milled.

The second preferred embodiment generates a tool path comprising one or more advancing passes which successively advance into the region. Where the second and third sides are not parallel, the tool path is created by: (1) defining a maximum engagement of the milling cutter; and (2) determining a radius of curvature and a center of the current in-process material boundary; determining a radius of curvature and a center for each of the advancing passes based on the radius of curvature and center of the of the current in-process material boundary; an angle representative of the intersection of tangents to the second and the third sides, a radius of the milling cutter and the maximum engagement. The tangents are formed at the meeting points of the current in-process boundary with respectively the second side and the third side. Preferably, each advancing pass is tangent to both the second side and to the third side.

In general, the advancing passes do not have a common center. Consequently, the engagement angle may not be constant over a pass. Typically, the engagement angle reaches a maximum at a single point along the pass. Where the new in-process material boundary is tangent to the two sides, the point of maximum engagement can be precisely determined. FIG. 8 a shows the determination of the point of maximum engagement. In such a case, the milling cutter is at the point of maximum engagement when the leading edge of its periphery reaches the midpoint of the in-process material boundary. The point of maximum engagement is at the same location whether the sides converge, diverge, or are parallel. FIG. 8 b shows that the engagement angle is smaller both just before and just after this point.

Since the point of maximum engagement is known, the location and radius of the next in-process material boundary can be calculated such that the maximum engagement angle is not exceeded.

The radius of curvature and the center of each advancing pass of the tool path is computable from knowledge of a radius of curvature and a center of a current in-process material boundary, the angle of the part boundary and the radius of the milling cutter, where the angle of the part boundary is defined as the included angle formed by the intersection of tangents to the part boundary at the points where the current in-process material boundary intersects the part boundary.

Where the boundary is two converging lines each successive in-process material-boundary radius is smaller than the previous radius and is tangent to the boundaries. The tool path for milling each newly calculated radius is a tool-radius offset from that radius. Where the boundaries diverge each successive in-process material-boundary radius will be larger than the previous radius and tangent to the boundary. Equations 16-18 provide a method for determining the radius and center of each advancing pass. Alternatively, an iterative search method could also be used for finding the center and the radius of each successive in-process material boundary. $\begin{matrix} {R_{2} = {\left( {\tan^{2}F} \right)\left( {B + \sqrt{B^{2} + {\left( \frac{1}{\tan^{2}F} \right)\left( {{2{r^{2}\left( {{{Cos}\quad E} - 1} \right)}} + {R_{1}^{2}\left( {\frac{1}{{Sin}\quad F} - 1} \right)}^{2}} \right)}}} \right)}} & (16) \\ {B = {{r\left( {{{Cos}\quad E} - 1} \right)} + {R_{1}\left( {\frac{1}{{Sin}^{2}F} - \frac{1}{{Sin}\quad F}} \right)}}} & (17) \\ {S = {\frac{{R1} - {R2}}{\sin\quad F}\quad{where}\text{:}}} & (18) \end{matrix}$

-   -   r=the radius of the milling cutter;     -   F=the included half-angle formed by an intersection of tangents         to the part boundary at the point of intersection with the         current in-process mater boundary, where 0>F<90 degrees;     -   E=the maximum engagement angle;     -   R2=the radius of a new pass;     -   R1=the radius of the current in-process material boundary, and     -   S=the difference in centers along a median line between the         passes.

The second preferred embodiment is useful for expanding a starting hole into a slot. FIG. 10 shows a starting circle expanding into a slot that has sides that are parallel lines. In such cases, a series of 180-degree arcs is machined, in sequence, until the desired length of the slot is achieved. The radius of each of the 180-degree arcs is equal to the radius of the starting hole. The spacing S for the centers of the advancing passes is based on the radius of curvature of the in-process material boundary, the radius of the milling cutter and the maximum engagement. Equation 19 is a mathematical formula for finding the required spacing. An iterative search method can also be used to find the required spacing. $\begin{matrix} {S = \frac{{2{R1}} + \sqrt{{4{R1}^{2}} - {2r^{2}} - {\left( {{2{rR1}} - {2r^{2}}} \right)\cos\quad E}}}{2}} & (19) \end{matrix}$

In cases where the part boundary elements are other than two straight lines, iterative search routines may be used to determine the radius and center of each successive pass. The preceding mathematical formulas are used to determine the engagement that results from each repetition of the steps in the iterative search routine.

FIG. 11 shows the first three steps in this iterative search. Two construction lines are created that are tangent to the two boundary arcs in FIG. 11. The construction lines intersect at an angle equal to 2 F degrees. For calculation purposes, the construction lines serve as the lines in the converging-lines case described above. Equations 16-18 may be applied to find an in-process material boundary. A key difference in the case of non-linear part boundaries is that the point of maximum engagement does not occur where the periphery of the tool reaches the midpoint of the current in-process material boundary. Rather, the point of maximum engagement occurs when the periphery of the milling cutter reaches the intersection point between the current in-process material boundary and the bisector of the angle formed by the two construction lines. If the arc, which is tangent to the two construction lines, not the two boundary arcs, is sufficiently close to the tangent arc candidate, the candidate arc is used as the next in-process material boundary. If the arc is not sufficiently close, then the radius of the arc found with the formula is used to create the next candidate arc, tangent to the two boundary arcs.

FIG. 12 shows a continuation of the iterative process. The midpoint obtained after using the formula is used to create a new arc, tangent to the two boundary arcs. The process is repeated until the required next in-process material boundary is found.

FIG. 13 illustrates using the method of the second embodiment to generate the passes required to machine a region in which the boundary entities first converge and then diverge, without exceeding the maximum tool engagement angle. In some cases, one pass is all that is required to machine an area. In other cases, multiple passes are required. The return lines 3, in FIG. 13 illustrate one way to connect the multiple passes. In generating the tool path required to machine multiple passes, any of several known methods can be used to connect between the multiple required passes.

Third Preferred Embodiment

Referring to FIG. 14, there is shown a workpiece in which a step, which is open on two sides, is to be milled. A conventional method for milling such geometry is that of milling in parallel, straight lines (direction parallel strategy). However, milling in parallel straight lines toward a part or a material boundary results in a large increase of the engagement of the milling cutter as the milling cutter approaches the boundary. Consequently, spindle speeds and/or feed rates for the passes must be set for the highest possible engagement (up to 180 degrees), which limits the efficiency of material removal.

To avoid excessive engagement of the milling cutter, the method of the third preferred embodiment generates a tool path of one or more parallel passes separated by a predetermined value of a stepover. The shape of the tool path is based on the radius of the milling cutter to be used for milling, and a maximum engagement of the milling cutter. Each pass comprises a first arc and a tangent continuous second circular arc. The first arc of each pass is typically straight, but may be arcuate. The in-process material boundary formed by the end of the second arc opposite to the end joining the first arc is tangent to the part or a material boundary and has a radius selected such that the engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path becomes equal to and does not exceed the maximum engagement.

Since each first arc blends into a circular arc of a known radius, the engagement angle during any given pass is greatest at the point where the first arc joins the second arc. Consequently, the maximum engagement angle is selected based on the radius of the second arc. Further, since the first arcs are generally parallel to each other, the starting angle of the second circular arc of all the passes is identical. Consequently, equation two can be used to determine the value of the stepover between the passes. It follows then, that the radius of the second circular arc determines the actual spacing (stepover) between the passes.

The radius of the second arc can be virtually any size the user desires, since any radius larger than the radius of the milling cutter will work. Preferably, the radius of the second arc is between two and six times the radius of the milling cutter. More preferably, the radius of the second arc is approximately four times the radius of the milling cutter.

Fourth Preferred Embodiment

When a milling cutter enters the workpiece from outside an in-process material boundary and attains a maximum engagement of the milling cutter, there is one and only one path that the milling cutter can follow and maintain without exceeding the maximum engagement while also maintaining its cutting direction (climb/conventional).

The fourth preferred method is a method for generating a tool path having a maximum engagement when the tool path enters the workpiece from outside a material boundary at a predetermined attitude. The resulting tool path is referred to hereafter, as a tool engagement curve. The method includes generating, by a direct process, a tool path consisting of one or more passes. The method includes defining a maximum engagement of the milling cutter and defining each one of one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed a maximum value of engagement. In the fourth embodiment, the tool path is determined by first locating a starting point inside the in-process material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at the starting point is substantially equal to the maximum engagement; then successively locating each of one or more points inside the in-process material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at each one of the one or more points, is substantially equal to the maximum value of engagement, and then arranging the one or more passes between the one or more successive points to thereby connect together the starting point and each one of the successive one or more points to form the tool path.

Preferably the location of each of the one or more successive points is found by establishing the initial attitude angle perpendicular to the trailing edge of the engagement angle, rotating the attitude of the tool path to decrease the engagement in the next leg of the tool path. The cutter can now be moved further into the material at this new attitude until the leading edge of the engagement angle contacts the material boundary, thereby establishing the location of the next point. Preferably, the leading edge of the engagement angle is temporarily advanced by a factor of ½ of the rotation of the attitude at each step. However, the leading edge may be advanced using a different factor of the rotation. Further, it is unnecessary to advance the leading edge of the engagement at each step and the tool path generated by the fourth embodiment would still generate a tool path having an engagement less than the maximum value.

Preferably the location of each of the one or more successive points is found by projecting a first straight line from a preceding point, the first line being at a first angle with respect to the attitude of the tool path at the preceding point; projecting a second straight line from the preceding point, the second line being at a second angle with respect to a leading edge of the engagement angle of the milling cutter, the second angle being equal to one-half the first angle; determining an intersection of the second straight line projection with the in-process material boundary; and determining an intersection of a straight line having a length equal to a radius of the milling cutter and originating at the an intersection of the second straight line with the in-process material boundary with the first line.

An example of constructing the tool engagement curve in accordance with the fourth embodiment is shown in FIG. 15. In FIG. 15, the path of a milling cutter is shown approaching the in-process material boundary on a linear path that is normal to the boundary with the object of reaching a specified radial depth of cut in the shortest distance consistent with a maximum engagement angle. In FIG. 15, the tool path proceeds into the material until the milling cutter reaches the maximum engagement. It is apparent that the tool path cannot move farther in a direction perpendicular to the in-process material boundary without the milling cutter exceeding the maximum engagement. However, by rotating the attitude of the tool path, defined as being perpendicular to the trailing leg of the engagement angle, by an amount, the milling cutter can be moved farther into the material in a new direction without exceeding the maximum engagement. This is because, as the milling cutter is rotated into the new attitude, the engagement angle is decreased momentarily, enabling the milling cutter to be moved forward along the tool path until the maximum engagement angle is once again reached.

Preferably the above described steps are repeated, with the tool path attitude being incremented and the tool moved along each new attitude, enabling the tool to proceed farther and farther into the material. Preferably, the amount of rotation is decreased as the tool approaches programmed radial depth of cut. Decreasing the amount of rotation as the tool approaches programmed radial depth of cut allows the spacing between the points to remain relatively constant.

Preferably, a smooth tool path is defined by fitting a spline curve to the tool path such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path does not deviate from the maximum value by more than a predetermined amount.

The entry attitude angle is not required to be normal to the surface to use the method of the fourth embodiment. The process of the fourth embodiment can be employed if the tool initially enters the material at any angle, or along a curved path. The process of the fourth embodiment also provides a means for entering material from the side while controlling the engagement angle. Further, the in-process material boundary need not be straight but can be any shape. In addition, while the method of defining the points along the tool path has been stated as a geometrical construction, the method is not limited to a geometrical construction. A mathematical formula can be also used in place of the construction method for computing the points along the tool path.

Alternately, a variation of the above described embodiment can be used to remove material that remains between the in-process boundary and a part boundary. The only difference in this case is that the part boundary must not be gouged. Therefore, when the tool reaches the part boundary in the process of proceeding toward full engagement, the tool follows the part boundary, and continues to follow the part boundary until the tool reaches a point when engagement can again be increased. In this manner a tool can be driven around an entire part boundary or any portion of it in order to remove remaining material without exceeding engagement. If engagement is not reached in some sections of this pass, the process can be repeated, as necessary.

A further use for the method of the fourth embodiment is the creation of a tool path for milling a circular pocket or a circular island. Preferably, the attitude of the tool path entering the workpiece is tangent to the material boundary, but it could be at any angle to it. The method comprises generating a tool engagement curve from the entry point into workpiece such that a spiral-like arc is formed. By extending the tool path around until it is reaches the beginning of the in-process material boundary and then following it, a continuous spiral-like tool path is created by repeatedly defining the location of successive points inside the material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at each point, is substantially equal to the maximum value of engagement and arranging the passes between the successive points, the tool path may be extended indefinitely either inwardly or outwardly in a generally spiral path such that the value of the engagement of the milling cutter is substantially constant and does not exceed a predetermined maximum value.

Fifth Preferred Embodiment

To accurately machine a pre-existing boundary, the tool path of the last cut along that boundary must be at a tool-radius offset from that boundary. However, if an engagement angle is to be held substantially constant during the last cut, the in-process material boundary that is present prior to the commencement of the last cut must be of a specific shape, i.e., the in-process material boundary must be closer to the part boundary where the part boundary is concave and farther from the part boundary where the part boundary is convex. This is illustrated in FIG. 16, which shows the in-process material boundary that must exist if the final cut, also shown, is to maintain a substantially constant engagement angle.

Referring now to FIGS. 16-19, there is described a fifth preferred embodiment of a method for generating a tool path for forming an in-process material boundary adjacent to a part boundary where the value of the engagement angle of a milling cutter milling the part boundary does not deviate from a maximum engagement angle by more than a predetermined amount when traversing the tool path. FIGS. 16-17 illustrates a graphical construction method that can be used to generate an in-process material boundary that results in a substantially constant engagement angle when cutting a part boundary (or any material boundary) of arbitrary shape. A normal, of tool-radius length, is generated at each of a plurality of points arranged along the part boundary. The normals are then rotated through the engagement angle. Generating a smooth curve through the endpoints of these rotated normals produces the required in-process material boundary. For any given point on the part boundary, a single corresponding point exists on the in-process material boundary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the accuracy of the result is dependent upon the number of part-boundary points used, with an increased number of points producing a more accurate curve.

In general the engagement offset method for determining the tool path for milling the material boundary immediately adjacent to the parts boundary, includes the steps of: selecting a plurality of first points along the parts boundary; determining a plurality of second points, each second point being located: (1) at a distance L=N sqrt (2−2 cos E) from a corresponding first point, and (2) at an angle of (pi−E)/2 from a normal to the parts boundary at the corresponding first point, E being the engagement angle and N being a predetermined length of the normal; and generating a smooth curve which intersects a plurality of third points, each of which third points is offset from a corresponding one of the second points and which is perpendicular to a smooth curve which passes through the second points.

There are other viable methods of generating the in-process part boundary. FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate a method of “driving” a geometric entity along the part boundary while maintaining a constant orientation of that entity with a line tangent to the part boundary at each point. In FIG. 18, the driven entity is the engagement chord. In FIG. 19, the driven entity is the leading side of the engagement angle.

As described, the method of the fifth embodiment generates the in-process material boundary required for machining a known boundary at a constant tool-engagement angle. It is possible, using iterative procedures, to do just the opposite—that is, for any given in-process material boundary, a tool path can be calculated that removes material from that boundary while maintaining a substantially constant engagement. This requires calculating the next in-process material boundary and generating a tool path that produces that next in-process material boundary.

Preferably, a first trial tool path is generated by constructing normals along the existing in-process material boundary and creating lines parallel to and offset from each normal by an amount that represents the contact point of the leading edge of the milling cutter. From the contact point, an engagement angle line is projected back to, and intersecting, a normal. The intersection of the engagement angle line and the normal creates a tool-center point for a first trial tool path. The point where the tool radius intersects the normal creates a point for the first trial next-in-process material boundary. A spline, S1, is fitted through the series of points depicting the first trial boundary.

If the first trial next in-process material boundary were accurate, generating a curve according to the method of the fifth embodiment from the in-process material boundary would recreate the original in-process material boundary. With this in mind, and referring to the method of the fifth embodiment, it can be seen that a normal, equal in length to the radius of the tool, projected from a point on this next in-process material boundary defines the location of the center of the tool. The end point of a vector from this center point, equal to the tool radius and at an angle necessary to define the engagement angle, reveals the accuracy of this trial next-in-process material boundary. Unless the original in-process material boundary is a straight line or a radius, the vectors need to be adjusted by an iterative process as follows:

The iterative process shifts the original vectors that were normal to the original in-process material boundary such that they are coincident with the projected normals from the trial next-in-process material boundary. Note that when these vectors are rotated they will no longer be normal to the original in-process material boundary. Then the tool-center point is moved up or down a normal projected from the trial in-process material boundary until the leading edge of the tool vector rests on the original in-process material boundary.

The process creates a series of points where the tool radius intersects the normal from the next in-process material boundary. A spline, S2, is fitted through these points, creating a second trial next-in-process material boundary. For the next iteration, new normals are projected from S2 and the process is repeated. Each time the normals from the new next-in-process material boundary shift, the tool representation, consisting of a tool radius vector and attached edge-engagement vector, is shifted so that the end of the engagement vector rests on the original in-process material boundary. Iterations are repeated until the necessary degree of accuracy is attained.

Sixth Preferred Embodiment

Referring now to FIGS. 20-23 there is shown a sixth preferred embodiment for generating a tool path for a region defined by a closed boundary. The method includes the steps of: creating a family of concentric indexed circles at each of selected points within the region; connecting together the circles of adjacent families of circles having an identical index to form isoloops; and forming a spiral like path by blending between the isoloops.

The first step for generating the tool path is to find points in the region that are: (1) equidistant from three or more boundary points (branch points); (2) in the middle of a constricted area of the pocket (neck points) and (3) as close to the boundary as one can get with the selected milling cutter (corner points). Preferably, the well known Medial Axis Transform (MAT) is suitable for finding the above points although other methods could also be used for finding the branch points, neck points and corner points. FIG. 20 illustrates the result of executing a MAT for a trapezoidal region.

Each branch point, corner point and neck point is a candidate for locating a family of concentric circles. Each circle family consists of one or more concentric circles. The radius of each one of the concentric circles is such that an engagement of the milling cutter milling each one of the concentric circles is equal to a target value substantially equal to the maximum value of engagement. Preferably the radii of the circles are computed using one of the procedures of the first preferred embodiment. As described in connection with the first preferred embodiment, the target engagement may be incrementally different from the maximum engagement depending on the dimensions of the boundaries. Circle families are generated at each branch point. Circle families are generated at neck points and corner points, depending on certain parameters such as the width of the neck, the size of the milling cutter, etc. The circle families are joined together in a graph structure called a circle graph (see FIG. 21).

After creating the circle graph, the circles of each family are indexed by numbering the circles from the outside in an ascending scale. The circles having the same index are then joined together into isoloops, so called because the isoloops are created by joining circles of the same index together. The joining process creates some combination of arcs (pieces of the original circles) and blends joining those pieces together. FIG. 22 is an illustration of the circle families being joined by the isoloops.

Preferably, the lines joining two circles together are constructed by: constructing two offsets from the boundary, c1(t) and c2(t) where c1 is a distance R1 from the part boundary and c2 is a distance R2 from the part boundary. A blending curve c(t)=(1−2t{circumflex over ( )}3+3t{circumflex over ( )}2)*c1(t)+(3t{circumflex over ( )}2-2t{circumflex over ( )}3)*c2(t) is then constructed. Inspection of c(t) shows that the position and first derivatives match c1 at t=0 and c2 at t=1. That means that c(t) is actually a tangent continuous blend. c(t) is not generally a circular arc. Consequently, c(t) is approximated with a tangent continuous sequence of circular arcs using a two arc pass according to the first embodiment. The two arc pass is fitted to c(t) by measuring the error between the circular arcs and c(t) and halving the value of c(t) recursively until the error is acceptably small. One skilled in the art would recognize that other blending techniques that would maintain a tangent continuous tool path could be used to connect the circles.

A spiral-like tool path (FIG. 23) is then created by blending between successive isoloops. The blends are generated using the same exact blending function used for c(t) above. The only difference is that c1(t) and c2(t) are the isoloops instead of offsets. The blending paths are replaced with sequences of arcs using the previously described recursive algorithm.

Seventh Preferred Embodiment

The first preferred embodiment describes a method for creating a generally spiral tool path for milling a circular region in which the value of the engagement of the milling cutter does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount over a major portion of the tool path. The method uses pairs of semicircles which are non-concentric with respect to the center of the circular geometry. The region may be defined by the boundaries of a pocket or the boundaries of an island.

Referring now to FIGS. 31 and 32, there is shown a seventh preferred embodiment for creating a tool path for a circular region which uses semicircles to create a generally spiral tool path. The seventh preferred embodiment differs from the first preferred embodiment in that the engagement of the milling cutter is not maintained constant within a predetermined amount over a major portion of the tool path but does have the property that the tool engagement is held to a value less than a predetermined maximum value.

In the seventh preferred embodiment, the region is bounded by inner and outer concentric circular boundaries. The method for generating the tool path comprises the steps of defining a first set of passes, the first set of passes being semicircles, each one of the semicircles in the first set having a center at a center of the inner and the outer concentric circular boundaries; and a second set of passes, the second set of passes being non-concentric semicircles, each one of the semicircles in the second set having a center offset from the center of the concentric circular boundaries by an amount greater than or equal to an amount of an adjacent inner non-concentric semicircle and/or less than or equal to an adjacent outer non-concentric semicircle, wherein the amount of the offset and a radius of each one of the semicircles in the second set of passes and the radius of the passes in the first set of passes is based on the maximum engagement, and wherein the first set of passes and the second set of passes are joined in an alternating tangent continuous fashion to form a generally spiral tool path for removing material between the inner boundary and the outer boundary.

When any individual semicircle of the set of concentric semicircles is traversed by the milling cutter, the engagement angle will be constant during the machining of that semicircle, but the engagement angle will not necessarily be the same for each of the concentric semicircles. When any individual offset semicircle is traversed by the milling cutter, the engagement angle will increase until it reaches a point of maximum engagement, but the engagement will not exceed the maximum. Preferably, each semicircle in the concentric set is generated based on an endpoint of a corresponding semicircle from the offset set. The radius and the center point of each offset semicircle tool pass can be calculated from the radius and center point of the circular in-process material boundary created by that tool pass. Knowing the radius of the cutting tool, the radius of the outer boundary, or the radius of the in-process material boundary created by the next inner concentric tool pass, the maximum engagement angle, the radius and center point of the in-process material boundary created by each offset semicircle can be calculated. Starting at the outer boundary (FIG. 32 a), the radius and center point of the in-process material boundary created by the first offset semicircle pass can be calculated by the equation shown in FIG. 31, where the offset is found from the difference between a radius of the outer boundary and a radius of the in-process material boundary adjacent to the outer boundary. The corresponding first offset semicircle tool pass that creates the adjacent in-process material boundary is created as a tool pass radius offset from this in-process material boundary.

The first semicircle in the concentric semicircle set can now be constructed, tangent to the first offset semicircle tool pass at its endpoint and concentric to the circular outer boundary. The equation in FIG. 31 is used again to calculate the next offset semicircle, based on the in-process material boundary created by the first concentric semicircle rather than the outer boundary. The next concentric semicircle is then constructed based on this offset semicircle. The process is repeated until the next offset semicircle tool pass intersects the circular tool pass that created the inner circular boundary. When that occurs, a final 180-degree offset semicircle is generated between the final concentric semicircle (the smallest concentric semicircle) and the circular tool pass that created the inner circular boundary. This results in one tangent continuous set of semicircle tool passes that remove the material between the inner boundary and the outer boundary that can be traversed by the milling cutter while never exceeding the maximum engagement angle.

A similar equation as that shown in FIG. 31 can be used to calculate the semicircle sets in the opposite direction, from the inner boundary hole towards the outer boundary. (See FIG. 32 b). In this case, calculations continue until an offset semicircle is generated that intersects the circle that is a tool radius offset from the outer circular boundary. When that occurs, a final 180-degree offset semicircle is generated between the final concentric semicircle (the largest concentric semicircle) and the tool radius offset of the outer boundary.

When the chain of passes is machined, the offset semicircle that was constructed last will be machined at a lesser engagement angle. Since this last-calculated offset semicircle will be shorter in length if the semicircle sets are calculated from the outer boundary towards the inner boundary, this method of calculation will produce a more efficient tool path. In either case, a final cut must be generated along the part boundary to ensure the complete removal of material.

It is also possible to arrive at the radii and center points of the offset arcs using iterative search routines. The transition from the last offset arc to the inner or the outer boundary can be smoothed by adding a blend. Alternatively, the maximum engagement can be decreased iteratively, using the procedure of the first embodiment to match the sets of semicircles smoothly to the inner and outer boundaries.

It may be seen that the present invention describes a method for directly generating a tool path which is based on controlling the engagement of the milling tool with the workpiece. Each tool path encompasses a substantial portion of a defined region. The disclosed embodiments of the invention are adapted to generating tool paths for regions of differing geometry, but all have the common characteristic that maintaining the relative constancy of the engagement of the milling cutter is decisive in determining the tool path. The result of preferentially controlling the engagement of the milling cutter is a CNC program which removes material in a shorter time than CNC programs generated by existing CAM programs while providing improved tool life.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A method for generating, by a direct process, a tool path for milling a region of a workpiece by a milling cutter, the tool path consisting of one or more passes, the method comprising the steps of: storing a maximum engagement of the milling cutter; and defining each one of the one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed the maximum value of engagement.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from a predetermined value over a major portion of the tool path.
 3. The method of claim 1, further including the step of controlling a load on the milling cutter to be approximately equal to a predetermined value as the milling cutter traverses the tool path.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the load is controlled based on the value of the engagement and an undeformed chip thickness.
 5. The method of claim 1, further including the step of controlling a peripheral feed rate of the milling cutter to be approximately equal to a predetermined value as the milling cutter traverses the tool path.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the region is circular, further including the steps of: defining a plurality of concentric circles, a radius of each one of the concentric circles being determined such that an engagement of the milling cutter milling each one of the concentric circles is equal to a target engagement substantially equal to the maximum engagement; and arranging each one of the one or more passes between adjacent ones of the concentric circles such that each end of each pass is tangent to one of the adjacent concentric circles.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a shape of each one of the one or more passes is chosen such that the value of the engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from the target engagement over a major portion of the tool path.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein each one of the one or more passes comprises a first circular arc and a second circular arc, one end of each one of the first and the second circular arcs being tangent to one of the adjacent concentric circles and an opposite end of each one of the first and the second circular arcs being joined to each other such that the pass thus formed is tangent continuous at the point of the joined arcs.
 9. The method of claim 6, further including the step of defining a median circle midway between each pair of the concentric circles, wherein each one of the one or more passes is arranged between one of the concentric circles and one of the median circles such that each one of the one or more passes is tangent to a concentric circle and to a median circle.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each one of the one or more passes is in the shape of a semicircle.
 11. The method of claim 6, further including the steps of: (a) defining a largest one of the concentric circles on a first boundary; (b) determining if a smallest one of the concentric circles coincides with a second boundary; and (c) if the smallest concentric circle does not coincide with the second boundary within a predetermined value, decrementing the target engagement and repeating steps b and c until the smallest concentric circle coincides with the second boundary within the predetermined value.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the region has first, second and third sides, the first side being a current in-process material boundary and the second and third sides being non-parallel part or material boundaries, the first side meeting at its respective ends, the second and the third sides, and wherein each one of the one or more passes successively advances into the region, the method for defining each one of the one or more passes comprising the steps of: determining a radius of curvature and a center of the current in-process material boundary; and determining a radius of curvature and a center for each one of the advancing passes based on the radius of curvature and the center of the current in-process material boundary, a half angle representative of the intersection of tangents to the second and the third sides and the maximum engagement.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the tangents are formed at the meeting points of the current in-process boundary with the second side and the third side.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein an in-process material boundary of each advancing pass is tangent to the second side and to the third side.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the region has first, second and third sides, the first side being a current in-process material boundary and the second and third sides being parallel part or material boundaries, the first side meeting at its respective ends, the second and the third sides, and wherein each one of the one or more passes successively advances into the region, the method for generating each one of the one or more passes comprising the steps of: determining a radius of curvature and a center of the current in-process material boundary; and determining a radius of curvature and a center for each one of the advancing passes based on the radius of curvature and the center of the current in-process material boundary, and the maximum engagement.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the region is bounded on at least one side by a part or a material boundary, and wherein each one of the one or more passes comprises a first arc and a second circular arc, the first and the second arcs being joined in a tangent continuous fashion, the method for generating each one of the one or more passes comprising the steps of: arranging the one or more passes to be parallel to each other and separated by a predetermined stepover; and defining the circular arcs such that an in-process material boundary formed by the milling cutter traversing each pass is tangent to the part/material boundary.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein a radius of each circular arc is in the range of two to six times a radius of the milling cutter.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the first arc is a straight line.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the tool path enters the workpiece from outside a material boundary at a predetermined attitude, the method further including the steps of: defining a location of a starting point inside the material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at the starting point is substantially equal to the maximum engagement; defining a location for each of one or more successive points inside the material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at each one of the one or more points, is substantially equal to the maximum value of engagement; and arranging the one or more passes between the one or more successive points to thereby connect together the starting point and each one of the successive one or more points to form the tool path.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein defining the location of each of the one or more successive points comprises by the steps of: projecting a first straight line from a preceding point, the first line being at a first angle with respect to the attitude of the tool path at the preceding point; projecting a second straight line from the preceding point, the second line being at a second angle with respect to a leading edge of the engagement angle of the milling cutter, the second angle being equal to one-half the first angle; determining an intersection of the second straight line projection with the in-process material boundary; and determining an intersection of a straight line having a length equal to a radius of the milling cutter and originating at the an intersection of the second straight line with the in-process material boundary with the first line.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first angle is successively reduced as the in-process material boundary resulting from the milling cutter traversing the tool path reaches a programmed radial depth of cut.
 22. The method of claim 20, further including the step of fitting a spline curve to the tool path such that the engagement of the milling cutter does not deviate from the predetermined value of the engagement by more than a predetermined amount.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the predetermined attitude is tangent to the material boundary, the method comprising the further step of continuing the tool path to form a spiral-like arc.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the milling cutter, traversing a first pass forms a second in-process material boundary adjacent to a part boundary or a first in-process material boundary such that the engagement of the milling cutter, traversing a second pass offset from the part boundary or from the first in-process material boundary by a radius of the milling cutter does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from a predetermined value of the engagement.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the method for generating the first pass comprises the steps of: selecting a plurality of first points along the part boundary or the first in-process material boundary; determining a plurality of second points, each second point being located: (1) at a distance L=N sqrt (2−cos 2E) from a corresponding first point, and (2) at an angle of (pi−E)/2 from a normal to the parts boundary or the first in-process material boundary at the corresponding first point, E being the tool engagement angle and N being a predetermined length of the normal; and generating a smooth curve which intersects a plurality of third points, wherein each of which third points is offset from a corresponding one of the second points and is perpendicular to a smooth curve which passes through the second points.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the milling cutter, traversing a first pass forms a second in-process material boundary adjacent to a part boundary or a first in-process material boundary such that the engagement of the milling cutter, traversing a second pass offset from the second in-process material boundary by a radius of the milling cutter does not deviate by more than the predetermined amount from a predetermined value of the engagement.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the method for generating the first pass comprises the steps of: selecting a plurality of first points along the second in-process material boundary; determining a plurality of second points, each second point being located: (1) at a distance L=N sqrt (2−2 cos E) from a corresponding first point, and (2) at an angle of (pi−E)/2 from a normal to the second in-process material boundary at the corresponding first point, E being the tool engagement angle and N being a predetermined length of the normal; and generating a smooth curve which intersects a plurality of third points, wherein each of which third points is offset from a corresponding one of the second points and is perpendicular to a smooth curve which passes through the second points.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the region is defined by a closed boundary, the steps for defining each one of the passes comprising: creating a family of concentric indexed circles at each of selected points within the region; connecting together the circles of adjacent families of circles having an identical index to form isoloops; and forming a spiral-like path by blending between the isoloops.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the selected points are branch points, neck points and/or corner points.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein a radius of each one of the concentric circles is such that an engagement of the milling cutter milling each one of the concentric circles is substantially identical to the maximum value of engagement.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein a largest circle in each family of concentric circles is tangent to three sides of the part boundary.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the region is bounded by inner and outer concentric circular boundaries, the method for generating the tool path comprising the steps of; defining a first set of passes, the first set of passes being semicircles, each one of the semicircles having a center at a center of the inner and the outer concentric circular boundaries; and a second set of passes, the second set of passes being semicircles, each one of the semicircles having a center offset from the center of the concentric circular boundaries by a predetermined amount, wherein an amount of the offset and a radius of each one of the semicircles in the second set of passes and a radius of each one of the semicircles in the first set of passes is based on the maximum engagement, and wherein the first set of passes and the second set of passes are joined in an alternating tangent continuous fashion to form a generally spiral tool path for removing material between the inner boundary and the outer boundary.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the offset is a difference between a radius of the outer boundary and a radius of an in-process material boundary adjacent to the outer boundary or is a difference between a radius of an in-process material boundary that is concentric with the outer boundary and a radius of an inner in-process material boundary adjacent to the outer in-process material boundary.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the offset is a difference between a radius of the inner boundary and a radius of an in-process material boundary adjacent to the inner boundary or is a difference between a radius of an in-process material boundary, that is concentric with the inner boundary, and a radius of an outer in-process material boundary adjacent to the inner in-process material boundary.
 35. An article of manufacture comprising a computer readable medium having stored thereon computer executable instructions for generating, by a direct process, a tool path for milling a region of a workpiece by a milling cutter, the tool path consisting of one or more passes, the instructions performing the steps of: storing a maximum engagement of the milling cutter; and defining each one of the one or more passes such that a value of the engagement, when traversing each one of the one or more passes, does not exceed the maximum value of engagement.
 36. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from a predetermined value over a major portion of the tool path.
 37. The article of manufacture of claim 35, the instructions further including the step of controlling a load on the milling cutter to be approximately equal to a predetermined value as the milling cutter traverses the tool path.
 38. The article of manufacture of claim 37, wherein the load is controlled based on the value of the engagement and an undeformed chip thickness.
 39. The article of manufacture of claim 35, the instructions further including the step of controlling a peripheral feed rate of the milling cutter to be approximately equal to a predetermined value as the milling cutter traverses the tool path.
 40. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the region is circular, further including the steps of: defining a plurality of concentric circles, a radius of each one of the concentric circles being determined such that an engagement of the milling cutter milling each one of the concentric circles is equal to a target engagement substantially equal to the maximum engagement; and arranging each one of the one or more passes between adjacent ones of the concentric circles such that each end of each pass is tangent to one of the adjacent concentric circles.
 41. The article of manufacture of claim 40, wherein a shape of each one of the one or more passes is chosen such that the value of the engagement of the milling cutter traversing the tool path does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from the target engagement over a major portion of the tool path.
 42. The article of manufacture of claim 40, wherein each one of the one or more passes comprises a first circular arc and a second circular arc, one end of each one of the first and the second circular arcs being tangent to one of the adjacent concentric circles and an opposite end of each one of the first and the second circular arcs being joined to each other such that the pass thus formed is tangent continuous at the point of the joined arcs.
 43. The article of manufacture of claim 40, the instructions further including the step of defining a median circle midway between each pair of the concentric circles, wherein each one of the one or more passes is arranged between one of the concentric circles and one of the median circles such that each one of the one or more passes is tangent to a concentric circle and to a median circle.
 44. The article of manufacture of claim 43, wherein each one of the one or more passes is in the shape of a semicircle.
 45. The article of manufacture of claim 40, the instructions further including the steps of: (a) defining a largest one of the concentric circles on a first boundary; (b) determining if a smallest one of the concentric circles coincides with a second boundary; and (c) if the smallest concentric circle does not coincide with the second boundary within a predetermined value, decrementing the target engagement and repeating steps b and c until the smallest concentric circle coincides with the second boundary within the predetermined value.
 46. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the region has first, second and third sides, the first side being a current in-process material boundary and the second and third sides being non-parallel part or material boundaries, the first side meeting at its respective ends, the second and the third sides, and wherein each one of the one or more passes successively advances into the region, the method for defining each one of the one or more passes comprising the steps of: determining a radius of curvature and a center of the current in-process material boundary; and determining a radius of curvature and a center for each one of the advancing passes based on the radius of curvature and the center of the current in-process material boundary, a half angle representative of the intersection of tangents to the second and the third sides and the maximum engagement.
 47. The article of manufacture of claim 46, wherein the tangents are formed at the meeting points of the current in-process boundary with the second side and the third side.
 48. The article of manufacture of claim 46, wherein an in-process material boundary of each advancing pass is tangent to the second side and to the third side.
 49. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the region has first, second and third sides, the first side being a current in-process material boundary and the second and third sides being parallel part or material boundaries, the first side meeting at its respective ends, the second and the third sides, and wherein each one of the one or more passes successively advances into the region, the instructions for defining each one of the one or more passes comprising the steps of: determining a radius of curvature and a center of the current in-process material boundary; and determining a radius of curvature and a center for each one of the advancing passes based on the radius of curvature and the center of the current in-process material boundary, and the maximum engagement.
 50. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the region is bounded on at least one side by a part or a material boundary, and wherein each one of the one or more passes comprises a first arc and a second circular arc, the first and the second arcs being joined in a tangent continuous fashion, the instructions for defining each one of the one or more passes comprising the steps of: arranging the one or more passes to be parallel to each other and separated by a predetermined stepover; and defining the circular arcs such that an in-process material boundary formed by the milling cutter traversing each pass is tangent to the part/material boundary.
 51. The article of manufacture of claim 50, wherein a radius of each circular arc is in the range of two to six times a radius of the milling cutter.
 52. The article of manufacture of claim 50, wherein the first arc is a straight line.
 53. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the tool path enters the workpiece from outside a material boundary at a predetermined attitude, the instructions further including the steps of: defining a location of a starting point inside the material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at the starting point is substantially equal to the maximum engagement; defining a location for each of one or more successive points inside the material boundary such that the value of engagement of the milling cutter, when located at each one of the one or more points, is substantially equal to the maximum value of engagement; and arranging the one or more passes between the one or more successive points to thereby connect together the starting point and each one of the successive one or more points to form the tool path.
 54. The article of manufacture of claim 53, wherein defining the location of each of the one or more successive points comprises by the steps of: projecting a first straight line from a preceding point, the first line being at a first angle with respect to the attitude of the tool path at the preceding point; projecting a second straight line from the preceding point, the second line being at a second angle with respect to a leading edge of the engagement angle of the milling cutter, the second angle being equal to one-half the first angle; determining an intersection of the second straight line projection with the in-process material boundary; and determining an intersection of a straight line having a length equal to a radius of the milling cutter and originating at the an intersection of the second straight line with the in-process material boundary with the first line.
 55. The article of manufacture of claim 54, wherein the first angle is successively reduced as the in-process material boundary resulting from the milling cutter traversing the tool path reaches a programmed radial depth of cut.
 56. The article of manufacture of claim 54, the instructions further including the step of fitting a spline curve to the tool path such that the engagement of the milling cutter does not deviate from the predetermined value of the engagement by more than a predetermined amount.
 57. The article of manufacture of claim 53, wherein the predetermined attitude is tangent to the material boundary, the method comprising the further step of continuing the tool path to form a spiral-like arc.
 58. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the milling cutter, traversing a first pass forms a second in-process material boundary adjacent to a part boundary or a first in-process material boundary such that the engagement of the milling cutter, traversing a second pass offset from the part boundary or from the first in-process material boundary by a radius of the milling cutter does not deviate by more than a predetermined amount from a predetermined value of the engagement.
 59. The article of manufacture of claim 58, wherein the instructions for generating the first pass comprises the steps of: selecting a plurality of first points along the part boundary or the first in-process material boundary; determining a plurality of second points, each second point being located: (1) at a distance L=N sqrt (2−cos 2E) from a corresponding first point, and (2) at an angle of (pi−E)/2 from a normal to the parts boundary or the first in-process material boundary at the corresponding first point, E being the tool engagement angle and N being a predetermined length of the normal; and generating a smooth curve which intersects a plurality of third points, wherein each of which third points is offset from a corresponding one of the second points and is perpendicular to a smooth curve which passes through the second points.
 60. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the milling cutter, traversing a first pass forms a second in-process material boundary adjacent to a part boundary or a first in-process material boundary such that the engagement of the milling cutter, traversing a second pass offset from the second in-process material boundary by a radius of the milling cutter does not deviate by more than the predetermined amount from a predetermined value of the engagement.
 61. The article of manufacture of claim 60, wherein the instructions for generating the first pass comprises the steps of: selecting a plurality of first points along the second in-process material boundary; determining a plurality of second points, each second point being located: (1) at a distance L=N sqrt (2−2 cos E) from a corresponding first point, and (2) at an angle of (pi−E)/2 from a normal to the second in-process material boundary at the corresponding first point, E being the tool engagement angle and N being a predetermined length of the normal; and generating a smooth curve which intersects a plurality of third points, wherein each of which third points is offset from a corresponding one of the second points and is perpendicular to a smooth curve which passes through the second points.
 62. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the region is defined by a closed boundary, the steps for defining each one of the passes comprising: creating a family of concentric indexed circles at each of selected points within the region; connecting together the circles of adjacent families of circles having an identical index to form isoloops; and forming a spiral-like path by blending between the isoloops.
 63. The article of manufacture of claim 62, wherein the selected points are branch points, neck points and/or corner points.
 64. The article of manufacture of claim 62, wherein a radius of each one of the concentric circles is such that an engagement of the milling cutter milling each one of the concentric circles is substantially identical to the maximum value of engagement.
 65. The article of manufacture of claim 62, wherein a largest circle in each family of concentric circles is tangent to three sides of the part boundary.
 66. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein the region is bounded by inner and outer concentric circular boundaries, the method for generating the tool path comprising the steps of; defining a first set of passes, the first set of passes being semicircles, each one of the semicircles having a center at a center of the inner and the outer concentric circular boundaries; and a second set of passes, the second set of passes being semicircles, each one of the semicircles having a center offset from the center of the concentric circular boundaries by a predetermined amount, wherein an amount of the offset and a radius of each one of the semicircles in the second set of passes and a radius of each one of the semicircles in the first set of passes is based on the maximum engagement, and wherein the first set of passes and the second set of passes are joined in an alternating tangent continuous fashion to form a generally spiral tool path for removing material between the inner boundary and the outer boundary.
 67. The article of manufacture of claim 66, wherein the offset is a difference between a radius of the outer boundary and a radius of an in-process material boundary adjacent to the outer boundary or is a difference between a radius of an in-process material boundary that is concentric with the outer boundary and a radius of an inner in-process material boundary adjacent to the outer in-process material boundary.
 68. The article of manufacture of claim 66, wherein the offset is a difference between a radius of the inner boundary and a radius of an in-process material boundary adjacent to the inner boundary or is a difference between a radius of an in-process material boundary, that is concentric with the inner boundary, and a radius of an outer in-process material boundary adjacent to the inner in-process material boundary. 